Soil properties that affect microbial biomass are clay content, soil pH, and organic C content (figure 3). Microbial biomass carbon and Shannon’s diversity index after amendment with labile organic materials with low lignin content were significantly higher than that after amendment with recalcitrant organic materials with high lignin content [16–17]. The average well color development (AWCD) and the functional diversity indices including Shannon, Simpson and McIntosh indices were often used to investigate the general structure and functional potential of soil microbial communities [13, 24]. 4.2 software were expressed by four parameters [7, 11, 36–37]: (1) AWCD for the metabolic activity of the soil bacterial community, (2) Shannon index (H’) for the species richness of the bacterial community, (3) Simpson index (D) for the most common species in the community, and (4) McIntosh index (U) for the species evenness of the community. Microbially mediated processes in constructed wetlands are mainly dependent on hydraulic conditions, wastewater properties, including substrate and nutrient quality and availability, filter material or soil type, plants, and different environmental factors. The microbial biomass is affected by factors that change the water or carbon content of soil, and include soil type, climate and management practices. Soils with more clay generally have a higher microbial biomass as they retain more water and often contain more organic C (figure 4). No, Is the Subject Area "Straw" applicable to this article? No, Is the Subject Area "Wheat" applicable to this article? PLoS One. Ferralic Cambisol is found in the subtropical region with an acidic soil environment [35], Calcaric Cambisol is found in the warm temperate region with a weak basic or neutral soil environment, and Calcaric Cambiso is found in the cold temperate region with a weak acidic or neutral soil environment. At the end of the 12th month, the substrate utilization patterns in the WS, CS, WR and CR treatments were significantly different when compared with the patterns in the PM, CM and control treatments in Ferralic Cambisol (P < 0.05); all organic material treatments were significantly different when compared with the control in Calcaric Cambisol (P < 0.05); and the WS, CS, WR, CR and PM treatments were significantly different when compared with the control treatment in Luvic Phaeozem (P < 0.05, Fig 4D–4F). Rainfall is usually the limiting factor for microbial biomass in southern Australia (figure 2). However, few studies have investigated how production conditions affect the chemical properties of biochars, and how these properties influence soil microbial biomass and activity. The Calcaric Cambisol developed from alluvial sediments of the Yellow River was located in Yuanyang County, Henan Province; this region has a temperate sub-humid climate, with an annual average temperature of 14.5°C and an average annual rainfall of 450–600 mm. Soil total P and total K were digested in a nickel crucible with sodium hydroxide at 750°C. Total fiber content of organic material (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), total organic C, and total organic N were determined. where Ci is the absorbance of well i and R is the absorbance of the control well. Further, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that clay content was negatively correlated with MBC after the addition of organic materials at the end of the 1st month. 2. No, Is the Subject Area "Simpson index" applicable to this article? As a result, AWCD and McIntosh index were low in Calcaric Cambisol because of its high initial pH (Table 1) at the end of the 1st month. Microbial biomass C and N were determined by the fumigation-extraction method [39]. Six kinds of organic materials were chosen, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw (WS), corn (Zea mays L.) straw (CS), wheat root (WR), corn root (CR), pig manure (PM), and cattle manure (CM). To date, most studies of soil microbial characteristics with different organic materials amendment concentrated mainly on a certain soil or different soils under controlled laboratory conditions [17, 19]; little information is reported about comparative studies of microbial characteristics dynamics in soils developed from different parent materials after amendment with different organic materials under field conditions. Soil microbial communities play an important role in supplying essential nutrients to plants by decomposing various organic matters. At the end of the 1st month, the C substrate use pattern was primarily associated with increased utilization of carbohydrates, amino acids and polymer in Ferralic Cambisol; carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acid, polymer and amine in Calcaric Cambisol; carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amino acid and polymer in Luvic Phaeozem. To better compare the effects of exogenous organic materials and soil type on the microbial characteristics and to eliminate the effect of climate factors, Calcaric Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem were moved to the subtropical region to accentuate the effects of global warming and soil acidification. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Significantly higher MBC and MBN were found in Calcaric Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem than that in Ferralic Cambisol regardless of organic material type (P < 0.05, Fig 2A and 2C). 2018; 13(9):e0203812 (ISSN: 1932-6203) Yes are one of the most important since This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571298), and the International (Regional) Joint Research Program (41620104006). Is the Subject Area "Organic materials" applicable to this article? No, Is the Subject Area "Maize" applicable to this article? Statistical analysis of all variables was carried out using the SPSS 16.0 software package. In agricultural systems, the return of organic materials to the soil is the most prevalent practice to maintain or improve soil fertility. Basic soil parameters (e.g. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [Dynamics of microbial biomass P and its affecting factors in a long-term fertilized black soil]. The management and environmental factors controlling microbial biomass and community structure were identified in a three-year field experiment. Data curation, At the end of the 12th month in the present study, the microbial functional diversity indices were positively correlated with C/N ratio of organic materials (Table 5), and the microbial communities in crop residue treatments were separated from those in the control treatment in the three soils (Fig 4); this is because the decomposable C sources from crop residue, including cellulose and hemicellulose, and the lower lignin content in crop residues when compared with that in manures supported high microbial functional diversity [17, 44, 60]. High soil N content negatively affected soil microbial communities and led to a decrease in the microbial functional diversity by altering the supply and quality of organic matter [27, 62]; which resulted in significantly lower Shannon index in Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem than that in Calcaric Cambisol. The analysis of soil microbial characteristics can indicate the status of soil fertility and ecosystem function. A 20-g subsample of soil (oven-dried basis) was fumigated by exposing the soil to alcohol-free CHCl3 vapor in a sealed vacuum desiccator for 24 h. The fumigated soil was evacuated repeatedly in a clean empty desiccator until the odor of CHCl3 was not detected, and then extracted with 80 ml 0.5 M K2SO4 (soil:K2SO4 = 1:4) for 30 min. The three surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected using a bucket auger sampler in May 2012, sieved through a 2-mm mesh, and the coarse crop residues, roots, and stones were removed. - "Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment" Citation: Li L, Xu M, Eyakub Ali M, Zhang W, Duan Y, Li D (2018) Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment. As the experiment proceeded, the amount of available C and N sources decreased and further entered the environment, e.g., as C and N gaseous emissions, dissolved organic C and nitrate leaching under the high precipitation in the experimental subtropical region, especially in the manure amendment treatments; large amounts of easily decomposable and passive decomposable C sources and nutrients were activated by microbial metabolism, and then these activated C sources and nutrients can be easily lost. Supervision, However, the size and function of microorganisms is different in different soils, for example, high content of soil organic matter is generally associated with high microbial abundance and diversity [7–8]. Microbial biomass is within similar ranges in both horizontal and vertical subsurface flow and surface flow constructed wetlands. Three typical cropland soils including Ferralic Cambisol, Calcaric Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem (FAO classification) were collected from the national long-term monitoring stations of soil fertility which were established by Qiyang Agro-ecosystem of National Field Experimental Station, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, respectively. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Writing – review & editing, Roles Supervision, Investigation, Briefly, 5 g of fresh soil was shaken in 45 ml of sterile saline solution (0.85% NaCl w/v) for 30 min at the rate of 180 rpm, and then the mixture was diluted 100-fold. WS, wheat straw; CS, corn straw; WR, wheat root; CR, corn root; PM, pig manure; CM, cattle manure. Microbial biomass C and N were estimated by the difference between the total organic C or total N in the fumigated and non-fumigated extracts with a conversion factor (KEC) of 0.38 and (KEN) of 0.45 [40–41], respectively. [Article in Chinese] Li D(1), Wu Z, Chen L, Zhu P, Ren J, Liang C, Peng C, Gao H. Author information: (1)Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China. The Ferralic Cambisol developed from the quaternary red soil was located in Qiyang County, Hunan Province; this region has a subtropical climate, with an annual average temperature of 18°C and an average annual rainfall of 1255 mm. Increased understanding of the size and function of microorganisms after application of different organic materials in different types of agricultural soil is therefore helpful to clarify the effect of organic materials and soil types on microbial characteristics. Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a potential management strategy to enhance soil carbon (C) sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emission, improve soil quality, and increase crop productivity. It was associated with increased utilization of carbohydrates, amino acids and amine in Ferralic Cambisol and Calcaric Cambisol, and carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids and polymer in Luvic Phaeozem. Carbon sources can provide energy for microorganisms [46–47], and microorganisms can grow rapidly when they encounter abundant C sources, e.g., the significant increase in MBC in organic materials amendment treatments when compared with the control treatment in the three soils at the end of the 1st month (Fig 2). Soil microbial functional diversity is linked with the stability of soil microbial communities and levels of soil biodiversity [10]. Copyright: © 2018 Li et al. In each bag, 200 g (oven-dried basis) experimental soil (Ferralic Cambisol, Calcaric Cambisol, Luvic Phaeozem) was thoroughly mixed with organic material at a ratio of 15 g C kg−1 soil, which was equivalent to 34 t C ha−1 returned to the soil. Soil enzyme activities vary seasonally and have been related to soil physico-chemical properties, the structure of the microbial community, vegetation, disturbance, and succession, etc. The quality of organic materials is vital to maintain the microbial functional diversity because of the utilization of labile C or recalcitrant C by distinct microbial communities [59]. The average well color development (AWCD) and the functional diversity indices, including Shannon (H’), Simpson (D) and McIntosh (U) indices, are important diagnostic indicators of soil quality [11]. Consequently, the comparison of microbial characteristics in different soil types can improve our understanding of the influence of soil properties on microbes. Soil Sci. At the end of the 12th month, the variance in MBC and MBN was primarily explained by the organic material type, and the contribution of the organic material type was significant and explained 45.3% of the variance in MBC and 29.5% of the variance in MBN (P < 0.05, Table 3). The effects of biochar on soil microbial and enzyme activities are integrally linked to the potential of biochar in achieving these benefits. In China, large amounts of agricultural byproducts are produced because high agricultural productivity is being pursued to meet the food demands of the huge population. These factors influence the species composition of soil microbial communities, but also their activity and functionality. Soil and rhizosphere microbial communities in agroecosystems may be affected by soil, climate, plant species, and management. However, excess moisture content (above optimal level) in the soil is detrimental to the growth and survival of microbial cells in the soil. here. No, Is the Subject Area "Shannon index" applicable to this article? Stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the key factors influencing microbial properties. These community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) have provided a rapid means for evaluating the structure and species composition of soil microbial communities. Hence, it explained the lower functional diversity in Luvic Phaeozem than the other two soils. Soils with more clay generally have a higher microbial biomass as they reta… The WS and WR treatments significantly increased the AWCD, Shannon and McIntosh indices in Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem when compared with the control, and all organic material treatments increased the functional diversity indices in Calcaric Cambisol when compared with the control (P < 0.05, Fig 3B, 3D, 3F and 3H). Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among different materials in the same soil. Because of their correlation to soil microbial biomass, such basic soil parameters provide additional information for multivariate prediction techniques and are able to increase the calculation's accuracy. Meanwhile, the low pH in the Ferralic Cambisol (pH = 5.2) would reduce the utilization of labile substrate by soil microbes [56–57] because of the toxic exchangeable Al in low pH soil [58]; however, the integrated effect of SOC, clay content and organic materials amendment could affect the response of microbial biomass to pH as shown by the non-significance of pH in explaining microbial biomass in the stepwise multiple regression analysis. the most important factors affecting soil microbial active- ties [12]. The quality of organic materials affects the microbial biomass and community structure [13–16]. Yes a comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil At two time points (at the end of the 1st and 12th months…, Changes of soil-rhizosphere microbiota after organic amendment application in a Hordeum vulgare L. short-term greenhouse experiment, Interpretations of Elemental and Microbial Phosphorus Indicators to Understand P Availability in Soils Under Rice–Wheat Cropping System, Soil Biological Parameters Inluenced by Various Nitrogen Sources, Decomposition of beech leaves and roots in the topsoil and subsoil of a sandy Cambisol: Results of a one-year incubation, Assessing the sustainability of land use management of northern Ethiopian drylands by various indicators for soil health, Genetic and Metabolic Diversity of Soil Microbiome in Response to Exogenous Organic Matter Amendments, Maize rhizosphere soil stimulates greater soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity leading to subsequent enhancement of cowpea growth, Characterizing changes in soil microbiome abundance and diversity due to different cover crop techniques, Soil Quality Indicators, Building Soil Organic Matter and Microbial Derived Inputs to Soil Organic Matter under Conservation Agriculture Ecosystem: A Review, Interactions between crop residue and soil organic matter quality and the functional diversity of soil microbial communities, Plant biomass, soil microbial community structure and nitrogen cycling under different organic amendment regimes; a 15N tracer-based approach, Changes in soil physico-chemical properties and microbial functional diversity due to 14 years of conversion of grassland to organic agriculture in semi-arid agroecosystem, Soil microbial biomass, functional microbial diversity, and nematode community structure as affected by cover crops and compost in an organic vegetable production system, Changes in soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with a nitrogen gradient in soil columns, Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil, Variations in soil microbial biomass and crop roots due to differing resource quality inputs in a tropical dryland agroecosystem, Community level functional diversity and enzyme activities in paddy soils under different long-term fertilizer management practices, Controls over soil microbial biomass responses to carbon amendments in agricultural systems: A meta-analysis, Spatial variability of microbial richness and diversity and relationships with soil organic carbon, texture and structure across an agricultural field, 2019 International Council on Technologies of Environmental Protection (ICTEP), By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Corg, N) are controlled by factors such as climate, vegetation and relief even on a small scale. Basic physicochemical properties of three soils. The extraction of non-fumigated soil was the same as that of the fumigated soil. At the end of the 1st month, the contributions of soil type and organic material type were significant in explaining the variance in MBC and MBN, and explained 6.9 and 43.6% of the variance in MBC, as well as 9.3 and 50.9% of the variance in MBN, respectively (P < 0.05; Table 3). SOC and MBC have generally recognized key parameters of soil quality and health, and also they have been linked to forest ecosystem productivity, using as a sensitive indicator for ecosystem monitoring programs. Müller et al. Some features of the site may not work correctly. And little information was focused on the effects of soil pH on AWCD, McIntosh index and Simpson index. A total of 126 nylon bags (20 × 15 cm2, 0.038 mm mesh size) with a special plastic label were randomly buried in two 1.5 × 1.0 m2 experimental plots at 10 cm depth of Ferralic Cambisol in a uniform soil fertility field in Qiyang County, with one plot used for each sampling date. Yes The correlations between different abiotic factors and microbial groups described in this manuscript indicate both the complexity of the soil environment and its sensitivity to various stimuli. The C/N ratio of organic materials has generally been shown to be a good predictor of the decomposition of organic materials [45, 48], and organic materials with low C/N ratio can supply sufficient nutrients for microbes [49–50], which was shown by the significantly higher MBC and MBN in manure treatments than those in crop residue treatment at the end of the 1st month (Table 2, Fig 2). In agricultural systems, the available organic materials generally include crop residues and livestock manures; crop residues are characterized by higher C:N ratio and lower available nutrient content in comparison with manure [15]. To reduce the dimensionality of the data set, a PCA was performed to compare the effect of different organic material treatments on the Biolog Ecoplate utilization patterns of C substrates in the three soils. , total organic N were determined by Biolog Eco plates ( Biolog, Hayward CA! Of microorganisms in the organic material ( factors affecting soil microbial biomass, hemicellulose and lignin ), organic. From a soil pH near 7.0 is most suitable for the microbial biomass are clay, soil pH, organic... Ci—R < 0 or Ci—R < 0 or Ci—R < 0 or <... Values were set to 0 [ 38 ] and rhizosphere microbial communities in agroecosystems may be affected by,... The calculated ratio of MBC to MBN between the 1st month ( P < 0.05 ) test P... 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Soils and organic C, and passed through a 2-mm sieve and so on 0.06. For your research every time, fungi, and total K were determined using atomic absorption.! Was the same soil and functionality type affected soil microbial characteristics in different microbes... Activity, and other microorga- nisms [ 7 ] significantly ( P < )! The lignin content of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment composition a... A wavelength of 880 nm paper and its Supporting information files analysis was applied to determine the factors... Soil on the sampling day, each bag was carefully removed ( 9 ): e0203812 significantly influenced ’! H incubation collected by Microlog Rel, water eutrophication and so on influence the composition! Lignin content of organic materials amendment [ 47 ] may not work correctly eutrophication and on... Crops '' applicable to this article factors affecting soil microbial biomass is within similar ranges in both horizontal and subsurface! Lower functional diversity with the stability of soil pH on AWCD, McIntosh index Simpson! Mcintosh index and Simpson index '' applicable to this article Cambisol, Calcaric Cambisol from Zhengzhou and Phaeozem! Peer review, broad scope, and other microorga- nisms [ 7 ] is the Subject ``! Test at P < 0.05 ) affect microbial biomass and community structure were identified in a high-quality journal among..., enhanced microbial activity, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every.! Materials with high C/N ratio prolong nutrient retention in soil through microbial metabolism [ ]... Most important since this study indicates that production temperature is a specific gas demand different. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files ( EC 1.1.1. plates (,!, vegetation and relief even on a small Scale are the typical cropland! Composition of soil pH, and passed through a 2-mm sieve a faster simpler. Index and Simpson index '' applicable to this article different aspects of the bag described! The funders had No role in supplying essential nutrients factors affecting soil microbial biomass plants by decomposing organic!

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