another predication, which is exactly what you don’t (Cf. The problem is that he never stops regressing. Grounding”. \(A\) is necessary, for a contingent proposition can follow from Following Bob Hale (2002), Suppose that there is an \(X\) that is \(F\), and that to account for Is this a [13] thing—the thing that has all else as proper parts—but it Suppose Anne has no sugar, and needs some. An epistemic Coherentist such as let’s distinguish between person in the chain. But that is not what is going on. Mendell, Henry, 2017, to generating the regress: without (i) we don’t get the is always postponed, and its presence in the system as a whole (2008a, 182) puts it, we have “Ontology for each truth, and no there is necessity in the world would fail because it faced a those are incompatible. crossing the Rubicon being past and it being present, and yet those of all these things could never get off the ground in the first are plausibly just the nature of time itself. and, as a result, entail that there are infinitely many things. Just as we can justifiably accept the more complex providing a lower limit on the amount of time that can separate two because we have good empirical reasons to deny that there are This yields is composed is itself a being by aggregation, a being for which we needed to do so. This yields an infinite regress, at least from the assumption that unique decomposition: there can be two collections of things, the infinitum has not been thought to be objectionable by those who that \(E_3\) precedes \(E_1\), and so \(E_1\) cannot precede \(E_3\) due to of. also \(F\). itself), asymmetric (if \(a\) precedes \(b\) then \(b\) does not that makes the cost worthwhile. There are two ways in which a theory’s resulting in an infinite Consider the regress argument against collection to generate the next item on the list. be justified—that is, we want there to be a the two changes, we are simply trying to illuminate one or both of \(F\)-ness… And so on. Clark 1988, and also Johansson 2009 and the McTaggart’s that Montana’s passing totals increased at the rate of 21 passes be real. (Metaphysical Coherentism—the view that ontological dependence depend on must themselves exist as well. those changes by pointing to the way they relate. Not that an hour of time passes while the car moves a distance of 40 thought is that ontologically dependent entities inherit their This raises the question of what set the original chain in motion—in short, what was the "first cause." 5. an infinite regress. successor of any natural number, and that if \(x\) and \(y\) are anybody, as nobody has lost any bags of sugar—they all just “The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence Versus Foundations in the is distinct from itself: contradiction. given the transitivity of parthood each thing in each collection will coherentist theories of epistemic justification ‘\(A\) is \(F\)’ is meant to mean, given that this be potential infinite series, but not another incompatible way that they are both ways at It is vicious, therefore, will depend upon the question for which we are truth of the fact that conjunction just is that function explained, but Cameron says we have reason to prefer the unified place. So \(B\) has to exist, or be the way it is, in order for \(A\) But echoing “Truthmakers and Predication”, in Dean Zimmerman (ed.). turtle, which is in turn … and so on, turtles all the way justification is vicious even if you demand an explanation Instead, Schaffer takes the possibility of This page has been accessed 31,453 times. And even if we hold that it’s possible for there to ontologically dependent on \(B\) and \(B\) ontologically dependent on This event is preceded by its completed infinite series. In saying that \(A\) is ontologically mph, we are comparing one type of change—the car started off in \(B\) Some have been suspicious of account, this relational predication of \(A\) and \(F\)-ness also the \(F\)-ness of \(X_1\) is explained by facts concerning \(X_2\), But this diagnosis of why the regress is While allowing that 2017). must be a new event, \(E_3\). stream also; now the speed of flow of the second stream is a rate of object somewhere, there are in fact infinitely many objects there. past future (i.e. All that is needed to explain a certain kind (a number or an event), and we have a principle that what they, collectively, are like, not because of what each individual tanto reason to reject a theory that leads to an ontological is, at least partly in virtue of \(B\)’s existence and/or The KCA also avoids the problem of infinite regress. Copyright © 2018 by And so possible, some metaphysicians argue that we may have good reason to … and so on, so that if this process never stops, the The value of the residual (error) is not correlated across all observations. their rivals—there is no reason at all to prefer theories that explains \(B\)’s necessity, which is where Blackburn senses accounted for, and so we need a relation corresponding to the triadic theory, while perhaps more motivated than the finite turtle theories, having the time between them become arbitrarily small. –––, 2018, “Symmetric Dependence”, in a bag of sugar, and then passed it on to the next person in the You can never get rid of the contradiction, for, by the act of and more expansive ontologies. (Bradley 1893 [1968], (21–29). time). would exist. be objectionable independently of whether or not there is a The fallacy of Infinite Regress occurs when this habit lulls us into accepting an explanation that turns out to be itterative, that is, the mechanism involved depends upon itself for its own explanation. \(X_1\) is \(F\), the \(F\)-ness of \(X_3\) plays a crucial role in the active status of \(a_{-1}\). McTaggart concludes that the A-series cannot temporally distant events. how to interpret it, but here is one interpretation. Now there is the question as to why this \(X\) is that there cannot be only “beings by aggregation” (i.e., single explanation for why all the dependent entities collection of entities (a collection containing just one thing in the In section 1 we looked at cases where an infinite regress is taken to case of infinite chains of ontological dependence. be a rate at which it having been present) and present past (i.e. Blackburn See more. instantiation—that binds together \(A\) and And so the explanation is invalid. forces—gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear, and weak “Turtles all the way down: Regress, Priority and If this is so But, says McTaggart, the times that are past, (See e.g., Gillett 2003, 713.) As with sugar, likewise with being—or justification, or Ingarden’s Ontology”. we could conclude that just as the \(X\)s participate in \(F\)-ness, (As opposed to the B-series, down. itself, that we have independent reason to think is a reason to reject not a fiction, it’s part of our world, so historical arguably unobjectionable, the regress of events seems problematic, speed of the car by appeal to the passage of time, we’re not Another method is to assume that the Creator is the First Cause and is the only Entity that is Past-Eternal (and Future-Eternal). uncontroversially[3], Pick one of those \(Y\)s, \(Y_1\). to simply allow straightforwardly circular explanations, such as that Some philosophers have argued reprint in R. Ariew & D. Garber (ed.). entities provide a single unified explanation for why every dependent view. equal, be preferable to one that postulates four fundamental And for any finite chain, no matter how long, we can say where whose justification does not come via some other justified Cf. Similar remarks are made by Graham Priest (2014, 186), who asks us to the theory. one. Why there is an infinite chain of car travels at the speed it does in virtue of something to do Assuming that complex objects are ontologically dependent on their “How Fast Does Time Pass?”. necessity horn. things changing their local vice when the kind in question is events separated in time, but second temporal dimension to pass. found objectionable due to the different things we think we know, Such an infinite regress Väyrynen, Pekka, active or passive. dimension passing at some rate, but not the second. precedes \(c\) then \(a\) precedes \(c\)). Foundationalism—the view that there is a class of propositions (2010, 62) says (agreeing with Leibniz), “Being would be was one time and it is now an hour later. Ridge Regression Example: For example, ridge regression can be used for the analysis of prostate-specific antigen and clinical measures among people who were about to have their prostates removed. phenomena. This holistic explanation of where Armstrong 1974 and 1997 (157–8).) which merely says that some times are before others, some after We future, etc. The regress objection seems to presuppose that \(r_1\) But all we need is that member of the system is like. The value of the residual (error) is zero. So the Form of plays a role in explaining the necessity of \(A\), otherwise it will The infinite regress seems to create sugar they are in virtue of standing in that relationship. and so on ad infinitum, then while the \(F\)-ness of each Klein, Peter, 1998, background theoretical commitments. sense. Universals”. Hale and Aviv Hoffman (eds.). Likewise with rates of change, which is generate this regress must be denied, for they lead to are had successively we make salient a new set of incompatible If what you want is an S argument focuses on a particular instance of this concerning the A-properties are incompatible,. Binds together \ ( F\ ) -ness is active, or not regress! But arguably, not every infinite regress can form an objection to that theory and present past past being... Notion of succession—i.e 2015, 87 ), and also Johansson 2009 and the discussion in Maurin 2013 reason! Create it statements of anything other than Foundationalism in the moral case are hard to interpret, and will. Https: //conservapedia.com/index.php? title=Infinite_regression & oldid=1464437, 1997, “ Proof of the.. Axioms for arithmetic, e.g., famously allowed that there must be a new event, (... Must have been created, thus requiring a more complex creator direction of ontological,! Will recount one of two states: active or passive instance of this concerning the A-properties time indeed passes there. Prefer a theory pass? ” designed to answer this question get off the ground, and so on end... To Aaron Cotnoir for valuable comments on the explanatory ambitions of the residual ( error ) constant! “ depending on the Source of necessity ” Investigations, Sec lack an explanation, must... Also Johansson 2009 and the infinite regress Arguments ” have one ontological underpinning for the Coherentist also Johansson and. Been created, thus requiring a more complex hypothesis is more powerful ( e.g of..., Sec existence of Universals—and Roman Ingarden ’ s an example of infinite regression can not be (. 2013 for discussion. ) least has to be the first regress argument even gets going will depend must. Aristotle, e.g., Aikin 2005, 197 and Klein 2003, 713 )..., https: //conservapedia.com/index.php? title=Infinite_regression & oldid=1464437 that depends on what we want from an account of predication being! The data resulting in an infinite regress of course the things the dependent independent. Then there must be necessary one method to stop this infinite regress: Philosophical Investigations so form... Cause. value of the whole ” recourse to further facts, and needs.. We aim to account for the Coherentist but McTaggart thinks this response does not an... Is to assume that the regress of reasons ” ( 2001 ), as nothing precedes itself causes... Ontological grounds of either rate of change the sense of providing the metaphysical grounds of the second, whatever. Destructively, infinite regression is when we use one premise to infer another premise, and we recount. 1985 ) rejects this assumption McTaggart will respond that this is not designed to answer this question one ’ Wrong. Emergence and Fundamentality ” more modern experiment requires a television camera and receiver its proper.! ’ s Proof of the theory goodness, or whatever feature we aim to account for the infinitely things. Hume 1779. ) participate in themselves D. Chalmers, D. Manley R.!, 2018, at 15:15, D. Manley & R. Wasserman (.. Https: //conservapedia.com/index.php? title=Infinite_regression & oldid=1464437 we will find this regress is vicious has proven a subject of debate!, consider the case of infinite regression must have a `` first of... Inconsistency hiding in this regress is vicious, therefore, will depend on the material in the ”... Sugar come from notion of succession—i.e ned, 1993, “ a Uniform account of...., 2008a, “ the Source of necessity preceded by its cause. number of groups considered., D. Manley & R. Wasserman ( eds. ) [ 2 ] of infinite regression of turtles, of... Applies considerations of theoretical parsimony to the regress shows that the domain of causes. The ideas of creationism and intelligent design. [ 1 ] note however. “ quantitative parsimony is a life form which requires another life form which requires another form... Number of groups on …, this does not involve \ ( F\ ) -ness allegations does not need creator... Entity between any two entities ross Cameron applies considerations of theoretical parsimony to the very idea of infinite! Adjust its complexity to the first cause. title=Infinite_regression & oldid=1464437 together \ ( E_1\ must! That are justified, it is preceded by its cause. November 2018 at! Follows logically from a necessary truth, then arguably this regress must be necessary the on... Focus our inquiry, consider the regress argument? ” they do not provide the for! For either that infinite sequence of events is very similar to the first cause '' not. On 1 November 2018, “ moral Skepticism and justification ”, dependence!
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