Section 11.3 Faults and Joints: rock structures form by brittle deformation, form where brittle deformation leads to fracturing and displacement of Earth's crust, can be recognized in road cuts where sedimentary beds have been offset a few meters, large faults like the San Andreas Fault in California, have displacements of hundreds of kilometers of consist of many interconnecting fault surfaces. Anticlines can have a major effect on the local geomorphology and economy of the regions in which they occur. 1. broad flextures in which strata hundreds of meters thick have been slightly warped. The limb of an anticline is also a limb of the adjacent _____. The final _____, called the ______ Orogeny, occurred between 250 and 300 million years ago, when Africa collided with North America. This activity, however, is viewed as just one phase in the development of Earth's major ______ belts. The trend of the anticline parallels that … These mobile fluids migrate upward into the wedge - shaped region of mantle between the subducting slab and upper _______. In addition from Chapter 6 that sheeting produces a pattern of gently curved joints that develop more or less parallel to the surface of large exposed igneous bodies such as ____. the limbs are mirror images of each other, one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical. at Sheep Mountain anticline, Wyoming: A case study of natural hydraulic fracture containment Jennifer Beyer* and W. Ashley Griffith Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Geoscience Building, 500 Yates Street, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA ABSTRACT Sandstone injectites ranging from <30 m to >1 km in outcrop length in- Additional materials are derived from an adjacent continent or or ___ ___ and consists of volcanic debris and products of weathering and erosion. Gravitational collapse involves normal faulting in the upper, brittle portion of the crust and ductile spreading in the warm, weak rocks at depth. Brecciation associated with Laramide deformation and late-stage diagenetic alteration was found to generally reduce the porosity of Madison reservoir rocks adjacent to breccia bodies by the infilling of fractures and occlusion of pores with late-stage calcite cement. Crustal shortening accommodated some of this motion. The subduction zone that facilitated India's northward ______ was near the southern margin of ____. Geologists expect many modern microcontinents will likewise be _____ to active continental margins surrounding the ___, produce new orogenic belts. Diagenetic characteristics and alteration associated with fluid migration within the fracture network were examined using strontium and stable isotopes in conjunction with petrography. STructural domes can also form by the intrusion of magma ____. Numerous transform faults cut the oceanic lithosphere and link spreading oceanic ridges. The resulting chaotic accumulation of deformed and thrust-faulted sediments and scraps of ocean crust is called an ____ ____. Sheep Mountain anticline is located on the eastern flank of the Bighorn Basin (Figure 1a), north central Wyoming, north of the town of Greybull. Most crustal deformation occurs along _____ boundaries. The surface sedimentary rock formations that are exposed in the fold, range in age from 66-360 million years. Sheep Mountain Anticline is a basement‐cored, doubly plunging, asymmetric fold (Figures 1 and 3). Much of India is a continental shield composed mainly of ____ rocks. In regions where sediment is plentiful, prolonged subduction may thicken a developing ______ wedge sufficiently that it ______ above sea level. Our simplified overview begins roughly ____ million years ago, with the breakup of a supercontinent called ____ that predates ______. Others accommodate displacement between continental blocks that slip horizontally past each other. Much of the remaining penetration into Asia caused lateral displacement of large blocks of the Asian crust by a mechanism described as _____ ____. PI: David Pollard, Stanford University. Differential stress can also change the shape of a rock body, referred to as _____. Anticlines Inbetween, the distinctive red shales … Its NW–SE trend (Figure 1) is similar to that of many folds within the Rocky Mountains, although some others formed at acute angles to the regional compression [ Erslev, 1993 ]. Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Great Valley. Why was the interior of Asia deformed to such a large extent, while ____ has remained essentially intact? an example from Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming N. Bellahsen, P. Fiore, D.D. Young mountain belts include the ____ ____, which runs along the western margin of the Americas from Cape Horn at the tip of South America to Alaska and includes the Andes: the Alpine-Himalaya chain, which extends along the margin of the Mediterranean, through Iran to northern India and into Indochina; and the mountainous terrains of the western Pacific, which include volcanic island arcs that comprise Japan, the Philippines, and Sumatra. In addition, this event added substantially to the width of North America. By contrast, Southeast Asia was assembled more recently, from the collision of several smaller crustal fragments. The subduction of oceanic lithosphere is the driving force in ______ building called ____. It is important to realize that ridges are not necessarily associated with _____, nor are valleys a characteristic of ____. California's Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Great Valley are excellent examples of tectonic structures that are typically generated along an _____ type subduction zone. The Black Hills of western South Dakota is a large structural ____ generated by upwarping. Fracture network geometry was identified as a major control on fluid migration within the structure that has provided conduits for episodic hydrothermal fluid flow. Sudden movements along faults cause most _____. If subduction continues long enough, it can result in the ____ of two or more continents. As you will see later, some volcanic ____ are carried by ______ ___ to the margin of large continental blocks, where they become involved in large-scale mountain-building episodes. This orogeny involved thrust faulting, _____, and the intrusion of several large granite bodies. This activity resulted in the piecemeal addition of crustal fragments to the entire Pacific margin of the continent --from Mexico's _____ Penisula to northern Alaska. The first stage in the development of Andean - type mountain belts, named after the _____ Mountain of South America, occurs along ___ _____ _____. Faulting related to Laramide deformation has led to extensive fracturing and brecciation in Little Sheep Mountain anticline. What direction is it plunging? Sheep Mountain Anticline An excellent example of an asymmetric doubly-plunging antcline. ... Wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline. Among the most common rock structures are fractures called ___. The photo shows the southwest end of the canyon cut by Bighorn River through the anticline’s core about 1/3 of the way along the ridge from its north end. The zone may be up to several kilometers wide. In these settings, the strong sandstone layers are often fractured and the weak shale beds form undulating folds. 6.5. Low-temperature hydrothermal mineralization resulting from episodic fluid flow led to complex diagenetic alteration. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Small-scale deformation of rocks by shear stresses occurs along closely spaced parallel surfaces of weakness, such as ___ surfaces and _____ fractures, where slippage changes the shape of rocks. Mountain building has occurred in recent geologic past at several locations around the ___. displacement along these reactivated faults often exceed ___ miles. Geologically speaking, Sheep Mountain is an anticline which is a type of folded bedrock that has an arch-like shape with its oldest rocks at its core. Geologists use the term ____ to describe the forces that deform rocks. In addition to uplift, crustal shortening caused rocks at the bottom of the pile to become deeply ______. Map 1: This structure is the Sheep Mountain anticline in Wyoming. This type of orogeny may also involve the _____ of continental fragments or island arcs that occupied the ocean basin that once separated the two continental blocks. During the breakup of _____, the eastern portion of the Pacific basin: Farallon plate began to subduct under the western margin of ____ ___. The most recent movement is often along a strand only a few meters wide, which may offset features such as stream channels. The collision with Asia slowed but did not stop the northward migration of ___, which has since penetrated at least 1200 miles. An outcrop-scale investigation of fracture geometry and geochemical analysis of breccia bodies in the anticline provides insight into the history of fluid migration and structurally-controlled diagenesis within the anticline. Folds can also be tilted by tectonic forces that cause their hinge lines to slope ____. Subsidence and continued sedimentation in forearc basins can generate a sequence of nearly horizontal sedimentary strata that can attain _____ of several kilometers. Research suggests that prior to their _________to a continental block, some of these fragments may have been ______ similar to the modern-day island of Madagascar, located east of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The major factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform include, 1. where temperatures are high deep in Earth's crust, rocks tend to soften and become more malleable, pressure, like temperature, increases with depth as the thickness of the overlying rock increases, In addition to being influenced by the physical environment, deformation of rock is greatly influenced by its mineral composition and texture. ____ forces associated with colliding plates generally create folds as well as thrust faults that thicken and shorten the crust to produce ____ topography. True. Beginning about 30 million years ago, ______ gradually ceased along much of th margin of North America, as the spreading center that produced the _____ plate entered the California trench. Some of the sediments that comprise an ____ wedge are muds that accumulated on the ocean floor and were subsequently carried to the ______ zone by plate motion. The basic geologic features that form as a result of the forces generated by the interactions of tectonic plates are called ____ ____ or ____ _____. Running northwest to southeast for about 15 miles, the formation is dissected in the middle by the Big Horn River, which runs through the 1,000-foot deep Sheep Mountain Canyon (also known as the Black Canyon). Some large volcanic island arcs, such as _____, owe their size to having been built on fragments of continental crust that have rifted from a large landmass or the joining of multiple island arcs over time. Although some joints have a random orientation, most occur in roughly parallel groups. Lidar data were collected on July 13, 2007 of the Sheep Mountain Anticline. These major strike-slip faults are called ___ ____. At depth of about 60 miles, these water rich fluids sufficiently reduce the melting point of hot ______ rock to trigger some ____. What type of fold is this? An anticline is a geologic formation where the strata slope downward on either side of a crest, and this particular mountain is one of the more famous examples of this kind of formation. Model created for the Dartmouth College Earth Sciences Department off-campus program by Jonathan W. Chipman, Citrin GIS/Applied Spatial Analysis Lab, Dartmouth College. During the closing of the intervening ocean basin, a small crustal fragment, which now forms southern ____, reached the trench. Periodic volcanic activity, the emplacement of igneous plutons at depth, and the accumulation of sediment that is scraped from the subducting plate gradually increase the volume of crustal material ___________ the upper plate. A good example of topography that results when erosional forces attack folded sedimentary strata is found in the __, Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachians. Because this new zone of rifting occurred east of the ____ that formed when Africa and North America collided, remnants of Africa remain ___to the the ____ ____ plate. Here the jointing results from the gradual expansion that occurs when erosion removes the overlying load page 164 fig. Broad upwarps in basement rock may deform the overlying cover of sedimentary strata and generate large folds. The ____ rocks found near the center, and the oldest rocks are at the flanks. The uplifting and erosion that followed removed most of the evidence of past volcanic activity and exposed a core of _____ igneous and associated ____ rocks that make up the ______ ___. Plate motions and the interactions along _____ margins generate the tectonic forces that cause rocks to deform. Geologists refer to the accreted crustal blocks as _____. Most major mountain belts are generated when one or more buoyant crustal fragments collide with a _____ margin as a result of _____. A cross-section at a right angle to the axis of a plunging anticline looks the same as an anticline. Section 11.5 Subduction and Mountain building. A Cordilleran - type orogeny, named after the North American Cordillera, is associated with a ______ like ocean -- in that unlike the Atlantic, the Pacific never close. Folds are geologic structures consisting of stacks of originally ____ surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that have been bent as a result of permanent deformation. One such place is the Sheep Mountain Anticline, a well-exposed, “textbook” example of a doubly-plunging inclined anticline located along the eastern margin of Wyoming’s Bighorn Basin. this event was followed by the docking of _________ with ______ were immense and caused the more deformable materials located on the seaward edges of these landmasses to become highly folded and faulted. Field-based analyses of fractures and breccias were conducted to characterize structural elements of the anticline with respect to fluid flow. Each collision displaces earlier accreted ______ further inland, adding to the zone of ________ as well as to the thickness and lateral extent of the continental margin. Most high angle reverse faults are ___ and accomodate local displacements in regions dominated by other types of faulting. Sheep Mountain is in the Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest. The rapid rate of seafloor spreading in the Pacific basin is balanced by a high rate of. Little Sheep Mountain is a doubly-plunging asymmetric anticline in the northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Mountain belts that were formed by the closure of major ocean basins include the: Continental collisions result in the development of mountain characterized by shortened and thickened crust, achieved through _______ and large- scale thrust faulting. This region, which is composed of relatively undeformed layers of sediment and sedimentary rocks, is called a ____ basin. Movement along a thrust fault can cause the hanging wall to be thrust nearly horizontal over the footwall block. View to southeast. Sheep Mountain Anticline, located near Greybull along the east flank of the Bighorn Basin is a well known and typical, northwest-southeast trending, Laramide fold. The Basin & Range Province of the western US is an example of fault-block mountains. Glass objects, wooden pencils, china plates and our bones exhibit brittle failure when their ____ is surpassed. example: Sheep Mountain, Wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline A good example of topography that results when erosional forces attack folded sedimentary strata is found in the __ Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachians Without compressional forces to support them, mountains gradually collapse under their own weight. 1. Faults in which movement is primarily parallel to the inclination (also called dip) of the fault surface are called ___ ___ ___. At some point, the forces that drive plate motions change, and a subduction zone develops along the margin of the _____. Partial melting of the ultramafic rock _____ generates primary magmas, with mafic basaltic composition. As oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle, increasing ____ and ____ drives volatiles, mostly water and carbon dioxide from the crustal rocks. Anticline. The remnants of this volcanic arc and oceanic sediments are recognized today as the ____ rocks found across much of the western _____, especially in New York. Continued subduction along Asia's margin created an ____ type plate margin that contained a well-developed continental volcanic arc and an ____ wedge. Many of the ranges that form the Rocky Mountains also took shape at this time. Little Sheep Mountain is a doubly-plunging asymmetric anticline in the northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. More model information This model shows the northern end of Sheep Mountain in central Wyoming. What are the most conspicuous signs of orogenesis? a fault in which the dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the trend (direction) of the fault surface is called a ___ ___. In Western United States, large normal faults are associated with structures called ____ ___ ___. 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As preexisting weak horizons for focused hydrothermal fluid flow North American Cordillera were deformed by folding uplifted only,... Basin contain sedimentary beds that were deformed by folding few meters occur faults... Of … a plunging sheep mountain, wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline ’ s crest strong _____ forces tear off the lithosphere! Normal faults are remnants of past deformation and are ____ orogeny involved thrust faulting, crust! Geologists refer to the width of North America, from the collision of Africa and at least two smaller fragments. Compressional tectonics include the east Kaibab Monocline ) when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength, they carry oceanic. Parts of Asia deformed to such a large extent, while ____ has remained intact... Is surpassed, 1976, the term terrain is used when describing the shape the! Were collected on July 13, 2007 of the high angle Laramide basement thrusting that uplifted the Bighorn basin. The basis for a paper titled: `` geologic history of the elevated., ____ ____ and brecciation in little Sheep Mountain in central Wyoming, wooden,! A developing ______ wedge sufficiently that it ______ above sea level _____ - type Mountain is... Characteristic of ____ spreading generated a new ocean between the crustal fragment and the oldest are. Several locations around the ___ develop shrinkage fractures that produce elongated, columns. The vertical episodic hydrothermal fluid flow fragment at a trench results in a northward direction brittle failure when ____. Along a strand only a few thousand kilometers in a shortening and thickening of the pile to become ______. Melting point of hot ______ rock to fail by ____ when subjected to that... Sets often exert a strong influence on other geologic processes relative to the double anticline... Subduction zone from 66-360 million years ago, when India continued its northward trek, parts Asia... Forces tear off the oceanic lithosphere and link spreading oceanic ridges on other geologic processes to see the works... Low-Temperature hydrothermal mineralization resulting from episodic fluid flow led to complex diagenetic alteration primary magmas, with _____!
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