Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Some of these vegetations include, Euphorbiaceae, that serve purposed to aid malaria, gastrointestinal disorders and many other infections. This plateau extends through the border with Cameroon, where the montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities,[217] as well as followers of the Baháʼí Faith. The state is known for its commercial hub situated in Aba. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.[302]. [116] Nigeria was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index; however, it improved to 136th position in 2014. Nigeria's national basketball team made the headlines internationally when it qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as Greece and Lithuania. The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites. The capital of Abia state is Umuahia and the state’s slogan is God’s own state. The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Research and Development Agency. Located in the South Eastern part of Nigeria, Abia State was created from Imo State in 1991. Lawsuits under the American Alien Tort Statute against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of Shell's Nigerian operation, settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability. [128] Subsequently, Nigeria's economy is becoming over-reliant on cheap foreign imports to sustain itself, resulting in a clear decline in Nigerian Industry under such arrangements. [294] The 2010 film Ijé by Chineze Anyaene, overtook The Figurine to become the highest grossing Nigerian film; a record it held for four years, until it was overtaken in 2014 by Half of a Yellow Sun(2013). Nigeria got her independence on oct 1960, having the third fastest growing economy in the world. Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40%, freeing up at least $1.15 billion annually for poverty reduction programmes. The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority.[134][204][205]. There is a budding hip-hop movement in Nigeria. [142] The initial entry of IAS into Nigeria was mainly through exotic plant introductions by the colonial rulers either for forest tree plantations or for ornamental purposes. [55] Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. In 1903, the British-victory in the Battle of Kano gave them a logistical edge in pacifying the heartland of the Sokoto Caliphate and parts of the former Bornu Empire. Nigeria is not only large in area—larger than the U.S. state of Texas—but also Africa’s most populous country. [219] However, in a report released by Pew Research Center in 2015, the Muslim population was estimated to be 50%, and by 2060, according to the report, Muslims will account for about 60% of the country. With the spread of Islam from the 7th century AD, the area became known as Sudan or as Bilad Al Sudan (English: Land of the Blacks; Arabic: بلاد السودان‎). [64] An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite. According to the official May 2010 FIFA World Rankings, Nigeria was the second top-ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world. The Niger delta is a vast low-lying region through which the waters of the Niger River drain into the Gulf of Guinea. Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.4%. [304] Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in America, Europe and Asia. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's successor,[98] becoming the 14th Head of State. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi),[135] making it the world's 32nd-largest country. After negotiations by the Nigerian authorities, in October 2005 Nigeria and its Paris Club creditors reached an agreement under which Nigeria repurchased its debt at a discount of approximately 60%. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. a previously counted 61% of the population living in poverty in 2012. Critically acclaimed writers of a younger generation include Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani, Chris Abani, Sefi Atta, Helon Habila, Helen Oyeyemi, Nnedi Okorafor, Kachi A. Ozumba, Sarah Ladipo Manyika, and Chika Unigwe. The utilization of these and many other herbs growing naturally within the farm environment is opportunistic. In 1977, a constituent assembly was elected to draft a new constitution, which was published on September 21, 1978, when the ban on political activity was lifted. Nigeria: Continent : Africa: Where is Located: Nigeria is a country located in the West Africa: Coordinates : 7.6219° N, 6.9743° E: Capital : Abuja: Largest City : Lagos: Neighboring Countries Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Niger : Administrative divisions: 36 states and 1 territory: Area : 923,768 sq km: Population: 174507539 2013 estimate: Official Language : English: Currency It produced life-sized terracotta figures that are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa[38][39][40][41][42] and smelted iron by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier. According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, it was put into "emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs". Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of post-colonial literature in the English language. Nigeria Tourism: Tripadvisor has 42,213 reviews of Nigeria Hotels, Attractions, and Restaurants making it your best Nigeria resource. Consistent with the rise of Nigeria as an increasingly dangerous hot spot, 28 of the 30 seafarers kidnapped globally between January and June 2013 were in Nigeria. [280], Women also face a large amount of inequality Politically in Nigeria, being subjugated to a bias which is sexist and reinforced by socio-cultural, economic and oppressive ways. This quiz will show you two countries. For this triumvirate, they convinced General Murtala Mohammad to become military head of state, with General Olusegun Obasanjo as his second-in-command, and General Theophilus Danjuma as the third. [118] In 2015, incumbent President Muhammadu Buhari said corrupt officials have stolen $150 billion from Nigeria in the last 10 years. seventh most populous country in the world, pacifying the heartland of the Sokoto Caliphate, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99, Igbos in Northern cities suffered persecution, February 1976 coup against Nigeria's government, Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1999, Ethnic violence for control over the oil-producing Niger Delta, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Economic Community of West African States, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, Nigerian Space Research and Development Agency, Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Lord's Chosen Charismatic Revival Movement, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Islam dominates North Western (Hausa, Fulani and others) and a good portion of Northern Eastern (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups) Nigeria. [137] The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Help ... Current location disabled. ", "World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk", "Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Nigeria: A Country Study – The Slave Trade", "Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500", "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria", "Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al", "Ruling party named winner in disputed Nigerian election", "Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan sworn in as president", "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President", "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election", "Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins", "Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat", "APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat", "Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat", "Buhari beats Atiku to secure re-election as Nigeria president", "Legislation and the Electoral Process: The Third Term Agenda and the Future of Nigerian Democracy", "Nigeria has lost $400bn oil revenue to corruption since Independence – Ezekwesili", "Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: The Realities of Regionalism", "Nigeria Records Improvement, Ranked 39th on Corruption Index", Nigerian former minister 'stole $6bn of public money', "Collins Edomaruse, how Obasanjo cut UK, US to size", "Egbe Omo Yoruba, National Association of Yoruba descendants in North America", "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? For the Yoruba, the precise percentage of Muslims and Christians is unknown but in states like Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Osun, Kwara, and Kogi, it is equally split between Christians and Muslims while the Yoruba states of Ekiti and Ondo are predominantly Christian. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. Becky Anderson speaks to Nigeria's Katsina State Governor, Aminu Bello Masari, who said the government knows where the boys are - but isn't attacking the abductors to avoice 'collateral damage'. While as of May 4, 2020 40% of Nigerians live in poverty, this number still shows the growth of the developing country, with a previously counted 61% of the population living in poverty in 2012. In 1963, the nation established a Federal Republic, with Azikiwe as its first president. Located in the city, in the Three Arms Zone, is the Presidential Complex, it consists of the "State House" and "The Aso Rock Presidential Villa", the palatial residence of the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court of Nigeria, as well as several other federal buildings. The terrain of Nigeria is varied: lowlands in the south, mountains in the southeast, central hills and plateaux, and plains in the north. Lagos has a number of sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean, including Elegushi Beach and Alpha Beach. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. There the vegetation provides humus and protects it from erosion by heavy rainfall. [95] Ethnic violence for control over the oil-producing Niger Delta region and an insurgency in the North-East are some of the issues facing the country. He legalized the formation of political parties, and formed the two-party system with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 general elections. In 2016 during its first recession in 25 years, the economy contracted by 1.6%. The vast landlocked empire connected the East with the West Sudan region and made inroads down south conquering parts of the Oyo Empire (modern-day Kwara), and advanced towards the Yoruba heartland of Ibadan, with the goal of reaching the Atlantic Ocean. Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else? [56] Oyo, at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern-day Togo. [97] Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010. Neither the Nigerian government nor Rosatom would disclose the specific locations of the sites, but it is believed that the nuclear plants will be sited in Akwa Ibom State, in South-South Nigeria, and Kogi State, in the central northern part of the country. His successor, General Abdulsalami Abubakar, adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1999 which provided for multiparty elections. In the precolonial period the country normally produced enough agricultural commodities to feed its population, and it even maintained a surplus for export. The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m (7,936 ft). The one most frequently used by international visitors is Murtala Muhammed International Airport (LOS), located on the outskirts of Lagos. [129], Continuing its Africa-centered foreign policy, Nigeria introduced the Idea of a single currency for West Africa known as the Eco under the presumption that it would be led by the Naira, but on December 21st, 2019; Ivorian President Alassane OuattaraI along with Emmanuel Macron multiple other UEMOA States, announced that they would merely rename the CFA Franc (the current currency of the UEMOA states) instead of completely replacing the currency as originally intended. The Nigerian Military consists of an army, a navy, and an air force. [166] Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy. It is a landlocked nation located in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth. The 1963 census indicated that 47% of Nigerians were Muslim, 34% Christian, and 18% members of local indigenous religions. [198] In 1950, Nigeria had only 33 million people. In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. Nigeria is a country in West Africa. [99][100] Goodluck Jonathan served as acting president of Nigeria until 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood (a blend of Nigeria and Hollywood[293]) and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world after India's Bollywood. Nigeria has the highest rate of twin births per year globally. [181][182] The city of Aba in the south-eastern part of the country are well known for their handicrafts and shoes, known as "Aba made".[183]. Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries. ", "Mormon Church announces in missions in Vietnam and Africa", "Effect of the Bamako-Initiative drug revolving fund on availability and rational use of essential drugs in primary health care facilities in south-east Nigeria", centers for disease control and prevention, "CIA – The World Factbook Life Expectancy", "Turning Point In Polio Eradication In Nigeria", "Nigeria makes crucial progress in eradicating polio", "Finding a Match, and a Mission: Helping Blacks Survive Cancer", "Why Nigeria Was Able to Beat Ebola, but Not Boko Haram", "US sends experts to study Nigeria's anti-Ebola strategies", "US sends medical experts to study how Nigeria tamed Ebola", "BRAIN DRAIN: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE (1)", "The Required Documents for Admission Screening | The Other Side", "Organized Crime: African Criminal Enterprises", "Cults of violence – How student fraternities turned into powerful and well-armed gangs", "Maritime Security: Current Threats and Implications", "The Nigerian "419" Advance Fee Scams: Prank or Peril? Women have less land rights. There are small minorities of British, American, Indian, Chinese (est. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. [269] Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue, however. Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major cities of the country. Southern Cameroons (since renamed by separatists as Ambazonia) opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to remain in Nigeria. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. In 2019, the economy began to recover slightly with the nation's real GDP growing by 2.3% and the IMF estimating another increase of 2.3% in 2020. The country has a total of 129 universities registered by NUC among which federal and state government own 40 and 39 respectively while 50 universities are privately owned. Check flight prices and hotel availability for your visit. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The main Muslim and Christian festivals are often celebrated in ways that are unique to Nigeria or unique to the people of a locality. Its borders span 4,047 kilometres (2,515 mi), and it shares borders with Benin (773 km or 480 mi), Niger (1,497 km or 930 mi), Chad (87 km or 54 mi), and Cameroon (including the separatist Ambazonia) 1,690 km or 1,050 mi. since the Federal Government introduced tough new measures against religious violence in all affected parts of the country. [175] Ogun is considered to be Nigeria's current industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there, followed by Lagos. Some of the ethnic groups like the Ogoni, have experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction. On 11 November 2008, NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys (which merge and form a Y-shape). Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. [202], Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. Description: This map shows where Nigeria is located on the Africa map. NigComSat-1, was the first Nigerian satellite built-in 2004, was Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony. [60], Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? For other uses, see, Not to be confused with the neighbouring country, Independence and First Republic (1960–1966), Civilian rule and Second Republic (1979–1983), Military rule and Third Republic (1983–1999), Democratization and Fourth Republic (1999–present), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. It has a compact area of 923,768 square kilometers (356,376 square miles). Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and a fast-paced community. The president is both head of state and head of the federal government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two four-year terms. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. Geographic projection has straight meridians and parallels, each degree of latitude and longitude is … Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government; with Nigeria utilizing air support from Egyptian pilots provided by Gamal Abdel Nasser,[70][71] while France and Israel aided the Biafrans. Nigeria's national football team, known as the "Super Eagles", has made the World Cup on Six occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, and most recently in 2018. The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}8°N 10°E / 8°N 10°E / 8; 10. Its coastal boundary is delimited by the Gulf of Guinea in the south and the land boundary is shared by Cameroon and Chad in the east, Niger in the north and Benin in the west. [158] Cocoa is the leading non-oil foreign exchange earner. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. [90] Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.[91]. [158], Prior to the Nigerian civil war, Nigeria was self-sufficient in food. [273] Submission of the wife to her husband and domestic violence are common. The satellite cost about US$500,000 to manufacture and launch. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa Yar’Adua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Seoul, South Korea, Official Site of the University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Germany, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Vienna, National Geographic Kids - Countries - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Stockholm, Sweden, Nigeria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nigeria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). – Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Young Nigerians are connecting with Pentecostal churches. The statistics come from this list, so study it for an unfair advantage! Muslim rioters in Kaduna killed an estimated 105 men, women, and children with a further 521 injured taken to hospital. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. [84][85] In August 1983 Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide victory, with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. It has a huge population by the latest census report. [117] More than $400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. Mostly because of government instability, which affects the rate at which citizens of Nigeria are employed is the major reason for the poverty levels being higher in certain periods of time. Despite these revenues, the military government did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. However, studies have also investigated the growth of indigenous trees in with that of exotic species. [242][243] In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. [180] In 2013, Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [108] The military in Nigeria has played a major role in the country's history since independence. However, over the centuries Nigerians have utilized agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, intercropping, and the use of shallow planting implements to cope with the shortcomings of the soil. Nigeria made history by qualifying the first bobsled team for the Winter Olympics from Africa when their women's two-man team qualified for the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games in Pyeongchang, South Korea. [267], Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women[268] It also has signed Maputo Protocol, an international treaty on women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework. Witnesses or anyone who helps gay couples marry will be sentenced to 10 years behind bars. [303] Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions. Protestant and locally cultivated Christianity are also widely practiced in Western areas, while Roman Catholicism is a more prominent Christian feature of South Eastern Nigeria. Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three-star to five-star hotels, with a mixture of local hotels such as Eko Hotels and Suites, Federal Palace Hotel and franchises of multinational chains such as Intercontinental Hotel, Sheraton, and Four Points by Hilton. [306] In 2015, Wellington Jighere became the first African player to win World Scrabble Championship. Quite often they are plucked or cut, and fed either as fresh or conserved fodders. The most mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains. Many airlines offer flights to Lagos, including Emirates, Delta, Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. The major drainage areas in Nigeria are the Niger-Benue basin, the Lake Chad basin, and the Gulf of Guinea basin. [226] The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims. A visiting Nigerian Senator reported that all the primary and post-primary schools, health centres, worship centres as well as the police station in the area were destroyed. [277][278] Early marriages can result in fistula. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. It is bordered by four countries. [222][223][224], Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. Kanuri, spoken in the northeast, primarily in Borno and Yobe State, is part of the Nilo-Saharan family, and Hausa is an Afroasiatic language. The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. 1 Scrabble Nation In The World Is ...", "Black China: Africa's First Superpower Is Coming Sooner Than You Think", Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Official website, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD), List of countries by English-speaking population, List of countries where English is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=995698612, English-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, States and territories established in 1960, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2020, Articles needing additional references from July 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 12:10. 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