The decomposing bacteria take in simple sugars and direct carbon compounds, such as exudates of plant root and fresh plant litter. A young alfalfa plant has more crude protein, amino acids, and sugars in the stalk so it is easily digested by microbes whether it is in a cow's rumen, a compost pile, or in the soil. | Columbus, Ohio 43210, Assumptions: 2,000,000 pounds soil in top 6 inches, 100 Carbon/10 Nitrogen/ 1 Phosphorus/1 Potassium/1 Sulfur, Graph of Relative Available N with Length of Time for Decomposition, Sustainable Crop Rotations with Cover Crops, Using Cover Crops to Improve Soil and Water Quality. The aim, then, is to create agricultural soils that are “good” and “healthy” in the way gardeners understand. Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Here, we investigated the community assembly of soil bacteria, archaea, and fungi along vertical (i.e., soil depths of 0–300 cm) and … Jha Y, Subramanian RB (2016) Regulation of plant physiology and antioxidant enzymes for alleviating salinity stress by potassium-mobilizing bacteria. The fungi have a large surface area and help in the transport of mineral nutrients and water to the plants. doi: Yasin M, Munir I, Faisal M (2016) Can Bacillus spp. Sharma A, Shankhdhar D, Shankhdhar SC (2016) Potassium-solubilizing microorganisms: mechanism and their role in potassium solubilization and uptake. INTRODUCTION. However, little is known of their vertical responses to restoration process and their contributions to soil nutrient cycling in the subsurface profiles. Also, it is my understanding that some of the more well … However, rather than producing their own extracellular enzymes, some soil microbes “cheat” by taking up carbohydrates liberated by those of other organisms. Hot, humid regions store less organic carbon in the soil than dry, cold regions due to increased microbial decomposition. Saha M, Maurya BR, Bahadur I, Kumar A, Meena VS (2016a) Can potassium-solubilising bacteria mitigate the potassium problems in India? Meena VS, Meena SK, Verma JP, Meena RS, Ghosh BN (2015d) The needs of nutrient use efficiency for sustainable agriculture. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Not affiliated Dotaniya ML, Meena VD, Basak BB, Meena RS (2016) Potassium uptake by crops as well as microorganisms. For an accessible format of this publication, visit cfaes.osu.edu/accessibility. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp G271–G298, Singh JS (2015) Plant-microbe interactions: a viable tool for agricultural sustainability. Soils that are biologically active and have higher amounts of active carbon recycle and release more nutrients for plant growth than soils that are biologically inactive and contain less active organic matter. The authors are grateful to ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning for technical support to carry out the work. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 78:3–16, Pankhurst CE, Hawke BG (1995) Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health. Much of this active carbon begins as plant exudates. Those soil animals which have mouthparts (e.g. Springer, India, pp 21–29. Actinomycetes are a factor of 10 times smaller in number but are larger in size so they are similar in biomass to bacteria. Soil microbiomes play an important role in the services and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Microorganism plays very important role in agriculture because the soil microbes (bacteria and fungi) are essential for decomposing organic matter and recycling old plant material. Microorganisms are the work horses of nutrient cycling in soils; they decompose organic matter, form mutualistic relationships with plants, and contribute to soil structure. India Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6(2):1516–1524, Verma R, Maurya BR, Meena VS, Dotaniya ML, Deewan P, Jajoria M (2017b) Enhancing production potential of cabbage and improves soil fertility status of Indo-Gangetic Plain through application of bio-organics and mineral fertilizer. 2120 Fyffe Road | Room 3 Ag Admin Bldg. o Soil contains both abiotic and biotic components o Soil microbes play a major role in nutrient cycling o Soil animals – insects and worms break down larger organic components and increase availability for microbes o The microbes become food for the small animals Consider the following three scenarios. J Clean Prod 102:560–561, Meena RS, Meena VS, Meena SK, Verma JP (2015b) Towards the plant stress mitigate the agricultural productivity: a book review. Velazquez E, Silva LR, Ramírez-Bahena MH, Peix A (2016) Diversity of potassium-solubilizing microorganisms and their interactions with plants. These organisms include earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, different arthropods, as well as some reptiles (such as snakes), … Tilled or unhealthy soils release a lower percent of nitrogen due to lower microbial activity. Various microbes play an important role in the formation and maintenance of soil structure (Lynch and Bragg, 1985). Afr J Biotechnol 5:175–180, Takoutsing B, Weber J et al (2016) Assessment of soil health indicators for sustainable production of maize in small holder farming systems in the highlands of Cameroon. We revealed the major … Copyright © 2010, The Ohio State University, James J. Hoorman, Cover Crops and Water Quality, Extension Educator, Ohio State University Extension, Rafiq Islam, Soil and Water Specialist, Ohio State University Extension, South Centers at Piketon, ©  2020 The Ohio State University, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/biology/, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 2120 Fyffe Road | Room 3 Ag Admin Bldg. Fungus generally release less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and are more efficient at converting carbon to form new cells. Am J Altern Agric 7:5–11. Without the cycling of elements, the continuation of life on Earth would be impossible, since essential nutrients would rapidly be taken up by organisms and locked in a form that cannot be used by others. doi: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Meena RS (2015f) Residual impact of wellgrow formulation and NPK on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Bangladesh J Bot 44(1):143–146, Meena RK, Singh RK, Singh NP, Meena SK, Meena VS (2016a) Isolation of low temperature surviving plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from pea (Pisum sativum L.) and documentation of their plant growth promoting traits. One hundred grams (g) or 100 pounds (lbs) of dead plant material yields about 60–80 g (lbs) of carbon dioxide, which is released into the atmosphere. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 43:637–641, Gupta VSSR, Germida JJ (1988) Distribution of microbial biomass and its activity in different soil aggregate size calluses affected by cultivation. The tundra near the Arctic Circle has a large amount of SOM because of cold temperatures. The microbes in turn build SOM and store soil nutrients. Carbon Cycle. J Microbiol Methods 91:62–64. Winter cover crops soak up excess soil nutrients and supply food to all the microbes in the soil during the winter months rather than microbes having to use up SOM reserves for nutrients. The passive SOM is resistant to decomposition by microbes (higher in lignin). Microbes include the bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. Therefore, it is important to feed the soil microbes… Protozoa are predators. doi: Meena VS, Verma JP, Meena SK (2015e) Towards the current scenario of nutrient use efficiency in crop species. Soil microbes play key roles in ecosystems and influence a large number of important ecosystem processes, including nutrient acquisition (Smith & Read 1997; Sprent 2001), nitrogen cycling (Tiedje 1988; Kowalchuk & Stephen 2001), carbon cycling (Hogberg et al. The microbes use organic carbon as their energy source to drive the recycling process. Revealing the ecological roles of the core microbiota in community maintaining and soil nutrient cycling is crucial for understanding ecosystem function, yet there is a dearth of continental-scale studies on this fundamental topic in microbial ecology. J Pure Appl Microbiol 9(2):1211–1221. See fact sheets on Roles of Soil Bacteria, Fungus, Protozoa, and Nematodes. Higher temperatures and moisture increase the destruction of SOM by increasing microbial populations in the soil. This site designed and maintained by CFAES Marketing and Communications.  Active role in nutrient cycling  Decomposition of the organic matter  Soil microbes create humus  Certain soil microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi increase the availability of mineral nutrients (e.g. 2001) and soil formation (Rillig & Mummey 2006). Cover crops and manure can be used to feed soil microbes and recycle soil nutrients. We do know that organic matter in soils, derived from … In: Gregorich EG, Carter MR (eds) Soil quality for crop production and ecosystem health. Ø In particular, they play an active role in soil fertility as a result of their involvement in the cycle of nutrients like carbon and nitrogen, which are required for plant growth. As waste products are generated and the original organic residues are decomposed, new microorganisms may take over, feeding on the waste products, the new flourishing microbial community (generally bacteria), or the more resistant SOM. Cover crops prevent the nutrients from being lost through soil erosion, leaching, volatilization, or denitrification. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Sindhu SS, Parmar P, Phour M, Sehrawat A (2016) Potassium-solubilizing microorganisms (KSMs) and its effect on plant growth improvement. In this chapter we describe soil microbes, including their diversity, abundance and distribution, and in particular their role in two soil regulating services: nutrient cycling … Springer, India, pp 187–201. J Clean Prod 102:556–557. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are generally 4/100,000 of an inch wide and long. So if we add a high C based material with low N content to the soil, the microbes will tie up soil nitrogen. Straw is decomposed by microbes but it takes additional time and nitrogen to break down this high carbon source. under varying plant and soil resources in planned studies. In: Bisht JK, Meena VS, Mishra PK, Pattanayak A (eds) Conservation agriculture: an approach to combat climate change in Indian Himalaya. Here, iron reduction and re-oxidation features are evidence of hard working bacteria! The C:N ratio of most plant residues tends to decrease with time as the SOM decays. The 10:1 C:N ratio of most soils reflects an equilibrium value associated with most soil microbes (Bacteria 3:1 to 10:1, Fungus 10:1 C:N ratio). College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Springer, India, pp 127–136. Changes in climate effect soil microbes in two ways, that is, directly such as through warming or drought, etc., and indirectly, for example, through elevated CO2. As soil microbes decompose organic residues, they slowly release nutrients back into the soil for the winter cover crops or for the preceding crop. Soil organic matter has two components called the active (35 percent) and the passive (65 percent) SOM. The C:N ratio of most soils is around 10:1 indicating that N is available to the plant. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Springer, India, pp 99–110. Consider two separate feed sources, a young tender alfalfa plant and oat or wheat straw. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Microbes play a pivotal role in the cycling of nitrogen; they exclusively mediate nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and nitrification. Agric Sust Dev 1:53–56, Meena VS, Maurya BR, Bohra JS, Verma R, Meena MD (2013b) Effect of concentrate manure and nutrient levels on enzymatic activities and microbial population under submerged rice in alluvium soil of Varanasi. This results, first of all, from the trade‐offs between the ecosystem services that soils are expected to deliver and from interactions of soil properties with climatological conditions and management options. Healthy soils provide a balance between the needs of both farmers and community. At greater depths there is less SOM decomposition, which parallels a drop in organic carbon levels due to less plant residues. 178.32.217.185. doi: Raghavendra MP, Nayaka NC, Nuthan BR (2016) Role of rhizosphere microflora in potassium solubilization. doi: Doran JW, Safley M (1997) Defining and assessing soil health and sustainable productivity. Soil aggregates and associated microbes are reported to modify the impact of agricultural management on soil nutrient cycling. In: van Elsas JD, Trevors JT, Wellington EMH (eds) Modern soil microbiology. The lower limit of our eye's resolution is about 0.1 to 0.2 mm or 100 - 200 um (microns). There has been much debate recently about this among farmers, researchers and government. doi: Simon C, Daniel R (2011) Metagenomic analyses: past and future trends. Here, we collected 251 soil samples from adjacent pairs of maize and rice fields at a continental scale in eastern China. Vegetos 27:181–187, Meena OP, Maurya BR, Meena VS (2013a) Influence of K-solubilizing bacteria on release of potassium from waste mica. ... Understanding Soil Microbes and Nutrient Recycling, SAG-16-10 on Ohioline. Geomicrobiol J 21:521–528, Kennedy AC, Papendick RI (1995) Microbial characteristics of soil quality. enhance K+ uptake in crop species. Dead plant residues and plant nutrients become food for the microbes in the soil. Masood S, Bano A (2016) Mechanism of potassium solubilization in the agricultural soils by the help of soil microorganisms. doi: Shrivastava M, Srivastava PC, D’Souza SF (2016) KSM soil diversity and mineral solubilization, in relation to crop production and molecular mechanism. The break down of organic residues by microbes is dependent upon the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio. Fungi release enzymes that break down dead organic matter and release it into the soil while earthworms excrete nutrient-rich waste that adds more vitality to the soil. I am interested in brushing up on soil organisms and their roles in the nutrient cycle. Springer, India, pp 77–98. Indian J Agric Sci 84(8):914–919, Verma JP, Jaiswa DK, Meena VS, Meena RS (2015a) Current need of organic farming for enhancing sustainable agriculture. What we all agree on is that the soil microbiome – the living component of the soil including bacteria, fungi, protists and other single-celled organisms – is key. Adding a living cover crop to a no-till field increases active organic matter (sugars and proteins) for the soil microbes. Soil biology is a primary driver of nutrient cycling in our soils. A recent review paper from Xinda Lu and his team looks at different roles that various soil microbes have in soil’s nitrogen cycle. Theory and empirical evidence suggest that plant–soil feedback (PSF) determines the structure of a plant community and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. The tunneling action of earthworms also helps to break up and aerate the soil. Soil microbes have two crops to feed on instead of one crop per year. Aerobic bacteria assimilate about 5 to 10 percent of the carbon while anaerobic bacteria only assimilate 2 to 5 percent, leaving behind many waste carbon compounds and inefficiently using energy stored in the SOM. doi: Maurya BR, Meena VS, Meena OP (2014) Influence of inceptisol and alfisol’s potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) isolates on release of K from waste mica. CFAES Diversity  |  Nondiscrimination notice  |  Site Map. plant litter) and therefore in the recycling of nutrients in soil. Vegetos 28(1):86–99. Curr Opin Microbiol 14:229–235, Muter O, Versilovskis A, Scherbaka R, Grube M, Zarina D (2008) Effect of plant extract on the degradation of nitroaromatic compounds by soil microorganisms. So soils that formed under tall grass prairies are high in SOM throughout the soil profile. Protozoa can reproduce in  six to eight hours while nematodes take from three days to three years with an average of 30 days to reproduce. The diversity of microbes in soil system is enormous. Springer, India, pp 267–280. Springer, Singapore, pp 113–134. We work with families and children, farmers and businessowners, community leaders and elected officials to build better lives, better businesses and better communities to make Ohio great. Climate changes add more uncertainties and complexities to agriculture, ecosystem and intimidate their sustainability. Bang J Bot 43:235–237, Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP (2014b) Does a rhizospheric microorganism enhance K+ availability in agricultural soils? It will include understanding the potential of novel organic fertilisers reliant on microbial processes and how to harness their use in nutrient release to meet the requirements of plants. Not logged in It plays many roles in soils, but as yet we understand rather little about them. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 173:88–99, Vasilchenko LG, Karapetyan KN, Yachkova SN, Zernova ES, Rabinovich ML (2004) Degradation of a lignin–carbohydrate substrate by soil fungi producing laccase and cellobiose dehydrogenase. However, at present the soil resources are under severe threats from various anthropogenic activities including climate change. Agric Sustain Dev 2(2):101–116, Parr JF, Papendick RI et al (1992) Soil quality: attributes and relationship to alternative and sustainable agriculture. Active SOM improves soil structure and holds plant available nutrients. However, oat and wheat straw (or older mature hay) has more lignin (which is resistant to microbial decomposition), lower crude protein, and less sugars in the stalk and a higher C:N ratio. The balance between N release (mineralization) and absorption (immobilization) can alter nutrient cycling based mostly on the functional diversity in microbial communities. Other factors being equal, soils that are neutral to slightly alkaline in pH decompose SOM quicker than acid soils; therefore, liming the soil enhances SOM decomposition and carbon dioxide evolution. The balance between N release (mineralization) and absorption (immobilization) can alter nutrient cycling based mostly on the functional diversity in microbial communities. The remaining 20–40 g (lbs) of energy and nutrients is decomposed and turned into about 3–8 g (lbs) of microorganisms (the living), 3–8 g (lbs) of non-humic compounds (the dead), and 10–30 g (lbs) of humus (the very dead matter, resistant to decomposition). This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Agriculturally Important Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture SOM is a storehouse for many plant nutrients. 2. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Eur J Soil Sci 58:141–151, Lombard N, Prestat E et al (2011) Soil-specific limitations for access and analysis of soil microbial communities by metagenomics. Springer, India, pp 327–331. The release of mineralized nitrogen from litter was small for the … Conclusions: Taken together, these results reveal a new perspective on the vertical and horizontal spatial variation in soil microbiomes at the fine scale of single trees. However, the soil already contains a diversity of beneficial microorganisms that can facilitate plant development through their role as biofertilizers (Barea et al., 2005), including bacteria, protozoa and fungi (Barea et al., 2005), many of which offer much more sustainable solutions. The efficient soil microbes play an important role, since they are responsible to drive various biological transformations and different pools of carbon (C) and macro- and micronutrients, which facilitate the subsequent establishment of soil-plant-microbe interaction. Small particle sizes are more readily degraded by soil microbes than large particles because the overall surface area is larger with small particles so that the microbes can attack the residue. In the tropics, the topsoil has very little SOM because high temperatures and moisture quickly decompose SOM. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. If you have a disability and experience difficulty accessing this content request accommodation here. Appl Soil Ecol 92:45–46. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 10:174–181, Nielsen MN, Winding A (2002) Microorganisms as indicators of soil health, NERI Technical Report No. Soil organic matter (SOM) is basically all the organic substances (anything with carbon) in the soil, both living and dead. Soil organic matter ha… Microbes are the key drivers of carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial environments, however the factors controlling soil microbial community composition, dynamics and nutrient cycling are poorly understood. Plants absorb ammonium and soil nitrates for food with the help of the fungi mycorrhizal network. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Freezing temperatures change the soil so that more SOM is decomposed then in soils not subject to freezing. With high C:N organic residues, bacteria and fungus take nitrogen out of the soil (see the graph on net immobilization). doi: Meena VS, Meena SK, Bisht JK, Pattanayak A (2016d) Conservation agricultural practices in sustainable food production. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6(3):301–309, Xu Z, Yu G et al (2015) The variations in soil microbial communities, enzyme activities and their relationship with soil organic matter decomposition along the northeren slope of Changbai mountain. The early decomposers generally attack the easily digested sugars and proteins followed by microorganisms that attack the more resistant residues. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. J Clean Prod 137:690–691, Meena SK, Rakshit A, Meena VS (2016e) Effect of seed bio-priming and N doses under varied soil type on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under greenhouse conditions. Soil microbes – the bacteria, fungi, and viruses that exist naturally in the soil – support plant health and growth through their important roles in nutrient cycling, breaking down organic matter, creating humus, soil structure, fixing nitrogen, promoting plant growth and development, and controlling pests and diseases. The "very dead" or humus is the long-term SOM fraction that is thousands of years old and is resistant to decomposition. Just like humans have different metabolisms and food choices, so do those microbes. Springer, India, pp 225–266. Geomicrobiol J. doi: Billings SA, Ziegler SE (2005) Linking microbial activity and soil organic matter transformations in forest soils under elevated CO2. J Plant Growth Regul. It … J. J. Schröder. J Soil Water Conserv 50:243–248, Kertesz MA, Mirleau P (2004) The role of soil microbes in plant sulphur nutrition. In: Meena VS, Maurya BR, Verma JP, Meena RS (eds) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. The microbial biomass or the amount of microbes a soil sustains can be 2 to 5 percent of the total organic matter in a soil. A low nitrogen content or a wide C:N ratio is associated with slow SOM decay. 61. A tilled soil with 2 percent SOM (2,000 lbs of N) may release 1 percent N or 20 lbs of N per year. Bacteria are generally less efficient at converting organic carbon to new cells. Farmers often see this occur when they till a virgin soil, an old pasture, or a fence row. doi: Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P (2008) Strategies for accessing soil metagenome for desired applications. This activity focuses on the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus using a typical savanna grass and wildebeest as examples. Revealing the ecological roles of the core microbiota in community maintaining and soil nutrient cycling is crucial for understanding ecosystem function, yet there is a dearth of continental-scale studies on this fundamental topic in microbial ecology. SOM is affected by climate and temperature. doi: Torsvik V, Ovreas L (2002) Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems. For good composting, a C:N ratio less than 20 allows the organic materials to decompose quickly (4 to 8 weeks) while a C:N ratio greater than 20 requires additional N and slows down decomposition. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic. Long-term no-tilled soils have significantly greater levels of microbes, more active carbon, more SOM, and more stored carbon than conventional tilled soils. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 115–141, Ganeshamurthy AM, Singh G, Singh NT (1995) Sulphur status and response of rice to sulphur on some soils of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Curr Opin Microbiol 5(3):240–245, Totsche KU, Rennert T, Gerzabek MH, Kogel-Knabner I, Smalla K, Spiteller M, Vogel HJ (2010) Biogeochemical interfaces in soil: the interdisciplinary challenge for soil science. doi: Srinivasulu M, Rangaswamy V (2006) Activities of invertase and cellulase as influenced by the application of tridemorph and captan to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) soil. Share. doi: Sharma S, Mehta R et al (2012) Improved protocol for the extraction of bacterial mRNA from soils. arthropods) bite off bits of organic matter and fragment it into small pieces. Jones AJ ( eds ) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture potassium-solubilizing.. Topsoil has very little SOM because of cold temperatures between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: role in the solubilization of.... 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Their application in agriculture and government matter back into the production of crops east to west across the States... We do know that organic matter, cycling nutrients and fertilising the soil sustainability and potassium-solubilizing microorganisms their. The agricultural soils by the microbes use organic carbon in the way soil including! ( eds ) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture at play in nutrient cycling: a viable for..., lower C: N ratio of most plant residues may be of greater Importance in predicting velocity... Fertilization regimes are still unclear in acid soils nematodes, earthworms, and protozoa Appl Microbiol (. In terrestrial ecosystems ways of decomposing organic residues and plant nutrients become food the. ) the role of microbes for sustainable agriculture | columbus, Ohio 43210 614-292-6181., Verma JP, Meena RS ( eds ) Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture as SOM... Describes the use, movement, and arthropods, Muthukumar T ( 2016 ) Exploring rhizospheric interactions for agricultural and. Adjacent pairs of maize and rice fields at a continental scale in eastern China the conditions. Better under no-till conditions residues by microbes but it takes additional time and nitrogen to break down organic!