According to another opinion, Ham defiled his father, and Noah cursed Canaan because Ham, with his father and his two brothers, had been previously blessed by God (Sanh. Noah, son of Lamech, 10th of the Antediluvian Patriarchs † Titea, spouse of Noah Spouses and children. As early as the Classical era, commentators on Genesis 9:20–21 have excused Noah's excessive drinking because he was considered to be the first wine drinker; the first person to discover the effects of wine. Leading intellectuals in the south, like Benjamin M. Palmer, claimed that white Europeans were descended from Japhet who was prophesied by Noah to cultivate civilization and the powers of the intellect, while Africans, being descendants of the cursed Ham, were destined to be possessed by a slavish nature ruled by base appetites. What does it mean that God will "enlarge" Japheth? The Sons of Noah. Yet, in the genealogy that follows in chapter 10, nothing is said to disparage Ham or his descendants. Noah, his sons, and their families entered the ark, Gen. 7:13. The exact nature of Ham's transgression and the reason Noah cursed Canaan when Ham had sinned have been debated for over 2,000 years. Annius, who frequently wrote of the "superiority of Christians over the Saracens", claimed that due to curse imposed upon black people, they would inevitably remained permanently subjugated by Arabs and other Muslims. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBringhurst254 (, to prevent the ordination of black men to its priesthood, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Scholars Owe New Dead Sea Scrolls Reading to Google", "The Curse of Ham—A New Reading in the Dead Sea Scrolls", "Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti and his Islamic critique of racial slavery in the Maghrib", Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, "Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview", "This Mormon Sunday school teacher was dismissed for using church's own race essay in lesson", "39 years later, priesthood ban is history, but racism within Mormon ranks isn't, black members say", "The Curse of Ham: A Case of Rabbinic Racism? Keep in mind they did not use the word adoption back then. 20 and 24), and he thus moved the entire account to chapter 9, since Noah dies at the end of that chapter. Perhaps Canaan may have had a part in the disrespect of Noah. Noah cursed Canaan, Ham's son, but didn't curse Ham. The vineyard episode in Genesis 9 is fundamentally difficult. Ham is the ancestor of the Arabians, Canaanites, and Africans. A poor reading of Scripture evolves into the belief that Ham is dark-skinned. [69] In his work, he challenges that vision, explaining: And not only we do not find expressed in the Scripture, that the Curse meant by Noah to Cham, was the Blackness of his Posterity, but we do find plainly enough there that the Curse was quite another thing, namely that he should be a Servant of Servants, that is by an Ebraism, a very Abject Servant to his Brethren, which accordingly did in part come to pass, when the Israelites of the posterity of Sem, subdued the Canaanites, that descended from Cham, and kept them in great Subjection. Most believe there is more to the event. Ham, Noah’s son, saw the nakedness of his father and told his two brothers about it. Early writers see this as a justification for the conquest of the Promised Land. [84] However, the essays have not been well publicized,[85] and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. One of Noah ‘s three sons (along with Shem and Japheth); survived the flood in the ark. ḥām) (PERSON) A son of Noah. [81] In addition, based on his interpretation of the Book of Abraham, Brigham Young believed that, as a result of this curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood.[82]. The Bible refers to Egypt as "the land of Ham" in (Psalms 78:51; 105:23,27; 106:22; 1Ch 4:40). The offspring of Shem inherited the Promised Land, displacing the Canaanites, the descendants of Ham. [41] Even before slavery, in order to promote economic motivations within Europe associated with colonialism, the curse of Ham was used to shift the common Aristotelian belief that phenotypic differentiation among humans was a result of climatic difference, to a racialist perspective that phenotypic differentiation among the species was due to there being different racial types. Etymologie. The sons of Noah; Shem, Ham, and Japheth came out from the ark and became the ancestors of all the people on earth. [20] His priestly functions also emulate being "first priest" in accordance with halakhah as taught in the Qumranic works. SONS OF JAPHETHThe sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. [55] Islam holds prophets of God in very high esteem, and some Muslims suggest the prophets are infallible. "[24][25], Genesis 9:27: and Canaan shall be a slave to them. That might explain why Canaan is cursed. Ham as the father of Canaan. Genesis 9:20-27. His allotment of land includes everything west of the Nile and south of Gadir. At some point, Noah is “uncovered” in his tent. Genesis 10:6-20 And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan. Canaan (Hebrew: כְּנַעַן‎ Kənā‘an), according to the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, was a son of Ham and grandson of Noah, and was the father of the Canaanites. Canaan's firstborn son was Sidon, who shares his name with the Ph… Ham has four sons: Cush, Mizraim, Put … Ham, son of Noah. (2007). Psalms 105:23, 78:51, 1Ch 4:40. [8] Verse 22 has been a subject of debate,[9] as to whether it should be taken literally, or as "a euphemism for some act of gross immorality". Ham and his wife bore 4 sons who became the fathers of the nations of Africa. Genesis 9:23-27. The curse of Noah on Ham’s youngest son, Canaan after Ham “saw the nakedness of his father” and told his two brothers about it. Through these and other writings, European writers established a hitherto unheard of connection between Ham, Africa and slavery, which laid the ideological groundwork for justifying the transatlantic slave trade. [2], The story's original purpose may have been to justify the subjection of the Canaanite people to the Israelites,[3] but in later centuries, the narrative was interpreted by some Christians, Muslims and Jews as an explanation for black skin, as well as a justification for slavery. The rules governing a Canaanite slave are used generically, and may apply to any non-Jew (gentile) held in bondage by an Israelite. This account contains several other parallels connecting Ham with Greek myths of the castration of Uranus by Cronus, as well as Italian legends of Saturn and/or Camesis ruling over the Golden Age and fighting the Titanomachy. [19], In the Book of Jubilees, the seriousness of Ham's curse is compounded by the significance of God's covenant to "never again bring a flood on the earth". [76] He warned those who tried to interfere with slavery that God could do his own work. In the Psalms, Egypt is equated with Ham. 9:19 These three were the sons of Noah, and from these, the whole earth was populated. Thus when Ham went into his father’s tent, he uncovered his father’s nakedness. Ham's fourth son Canaan was prophetically cursed because he gazed at his fathers nakedness while he was drunk. [53] This is also in spite of the fact that the account of the drunkenness of Noah and curse of Ham are not present within the text of the Quran, the Islamic holy book,[54] and not consistent with Islamic teachings that Noah is a prophet, and prophets do not drink alcohol. The name Ham was first mentioned in the Bible as one of Noah’s three sons. Descendents of Noah’s son Ham and his grandson Canaan, the non-Israelite inhabitants of the land of Canaan, are introduced to biblical narrative in Genesis shortly after the story of the flood. It explicitly denotes that an Egyptian king who is referred to by the name of Pharaoh was a descendant of Ham and the Canaanites,[72] who were black (Moses 7:8), that Noah had cursed his lineage so they did not have the right to the priesthood,[73] and that all Egyptians descended from him. It introduces the protagonists, Noah and his three sons, but then adds a parenthetical comment that Ham was the father of Canaan (9:18); since Canaan is otherwise absent from this tale, this aside is troublesome. [5] The 2002 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual points to Abraham 1:21–27 as the reason why black men were not given the priesthood until 1978. The scriptures adamantly state that Canaan was Ham’s son to make sure no one thought he was a son of Noah. 1. 4). [35] Hence: a Canaanite slave's bondage was meant to elevate himself at a later juncture in life, although his Master in ordinary circumstances is under no constraints to set him free, unless he were physically and openly maimed. John N. Swift and Gigen Mammoser, "'Out of the Realm of Superstition: Chesnutt's 'Dave's Neckliss' and the Curse of Ham'", David Mark Whitford (2009), "The curse of Ham in the early modern era", pages 174–175; Nina G. Jablonski (2012), "Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color", page 219. [14] Nevertheless, Genesis 9:23, in which Shem and Japheth cover Noah with a cloak while averting their eyes, suggests that the words are to be taken literally,[15] and it has recently been pointed out that, in first millennium Babylonia, looking at another person's genitals was indeed regarded as a serious matter. Another son of Ham and grandson of Noah is Put or Phut. 1 Chronicles 1:8-16 The sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. Calling a grandson a “son” is not uncommon in Scripture (cp. In 1498, Annius of Viterbo claimed to have translated records of Berossus, an ancient Babylonian priest and scholar; which are today usually considered an elaborate forgery. These three were the sons of Noah, and from these the people of the whole earth were dispersed. 22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brethren without. – Genesis 9:20–27, King James Version, The objective of the story may have been to justify the subject status of the Canaanites, the descendants of Ham, to the Israelites, the descendants of Shem. [32], Philo of Alexandria, a 1st-century BC Jewish philosopher, said that Ham and Canaan were equally guilty, if not of whatever had been done to Noah, then of other crimes, "for the two of them together had acted foolishly and wrongly and committed other sins." In the past, some people claimed that the curse of Ham was a biblical justification for imposing slavery or racial discrimination upon black people, although this concept is essentially an ideologically driven misconception. (Ham was the father of Canaan.) Canaan, Ham’s son, was cursed, Gen. 9:18–25. [28] A century later, the Jewish historian Josephus argued that Noah refrained from cursing Ham because of his nearness of kin, and so cursed Ham's son instead. One of the sons, Ham, became the founder of some groups that settled in Africa, although most of his descendants settled elsewhere, including Babylonia and Assyria in the Middle East. The Talmud deduces two possible explanations, one attributed to Rab and one to Rabbi Samuel, for what Ham did to Noah to warrant the curse. Nave's Topical Index. It explains why God promised his land to Abraham. The Hebrew word for Egypt was Mizraim (probably literally meaning the two lands), and was the name of one of Ham's sons. He was the recipient of the so-called Curse of Ham. After the flood, Noah's sons and their wives and offspring repopulated the earth. Noah's son Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father naked and told his brothers, which led to Ham's son Canaan being cursed by Noah. [65][66] The justification of slavery itself through the sins of Ham was well suited to the ideological interests of the elite; with the emergence of the slave trade, its racialized version justified the exploitation of African labour. Ham (Hebrew: חָם, Modern H̱am, Tiberian Ḥām; Greek Χαμ, Kham; Arabic: حام, Ḥām, "hot" or "burnt"), according to the Table of Nations in the Book of Genesis, was a son of Noah and the father of Cush, Mizraim, Phut and Canaan. Noah's sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their wives, accompanied Noah and his wife on the ark to escape the flood. The curse indicated that their descendants would be oppressed and under control of other nations. [34] However, his emancipation must be followed by a written bill of manumission (sheṭar shiḥrūr) by the rabbinic court of Israel. A similar parenthetical remark is made when Ham commits the sin;instead of simply referring to Ham, the verse calls him “Ham, the father of Canaan (… Nor is Blackness inconsistent with Beauty, which even to our European Eyes consists not so much in Colour, as an Advantageous Stature, a Comely Symmetry of the parts of the Body, and Good Features in the Face. [42] This often came as a result of European anxieties to avoid being sent to the colonies, as they were terrified of the high casualty rate of settlers due to disease and warfare. Genesis 10:21 - Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were [children] born. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. [14], Other ancient commentators suggested that Ham was guilty of more than what the Bible says. Ham sees the “nakedness” of his father. Ham (Heb. However, there is the possibility that Canaan may have been the firstborn. Canaan is the ancestor of the Canaanites: the Jebusites, Amorites, Girgashites, Hivites, and others. [6], In the following year, Smith taught that the curse of Ham came from God, and it stated that blacks were cursed with servitude. Ham himself has four sons, namely: Cush (Ethiopia), Mizraim (Egypt), Put (Libya), and lastly, Canaan (Canaanites are believed to be the first people in Israel). He drank of the wine and became drunk and lay uncovered in his tent. According to Rab, Ham castrated Noah on the basis that, since Noah cursed Ham by his fourth son Canaan, Ham must have injured Noah with respect to a fourth son, by emasculating him, thus depriving Noah of the possibility of a fourth son. [86] The Book of Abraham is still considered scripture in the LDS church. [39] Regarding this matter, the Christian leader Martin Luther King Jr. called such an attempt "a blasphemy" that "is against everything that the Christian religion stands for. 27 God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. The curse of Ham (actually placed upon Ham's son Canaan) occurs in the Book of Genesis, imposed by the patriarch Noah. [5][6], Nevertheless, most Christians, Muslims, Jews and Mormons now disagree with such interpretations, because in the biblical text, Ham himself is not cursed, and race or skin color is never mentioned.[7]. It is noteworthy that Noah does not curse Ham, only his son, Canaan. Scholars believe Ham is the youngest of Noah’s three sons. 25 And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren. According to a plaque on the tomb, he is revered as a prophet who lived for 536 years. The “youngest son” who mistreated Noah (Genesis 9:24) seems to be a reference to Ham, but another option is that it refers to Canaan, Noah’s youngest grandson. Genesis 6:10 And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. [79]:18[80]:18–19 After Smith's death, leaders of the LDS Church continued to teach that black Africans were under the curse of Ham and that those who tried to abolish slavery were going against the decrees of God, although the day would come when the curse would be nullified through the saving powers of Jesus Christ. Ham, (in Hebrew: . The issue seems to be with the words, “to look upon his nakedness.”. Honorius Augustodunensis (c. 1100) was the first recorded to propose a caste system associating Ham with serfdom, writing that serfs were descended from Ham, nobles from Japheth, and free men from Shem. One might be inclined to think that Ham was the youngest; but in all references of the three sons of Noah, Ham is always referred to as the middle son. In Leviticus, this phrase is used to describe sexual sin after seeing nakedness. Tim Robinson (2007), "Racism: a History", (BBC Documentary). [20] In response to this covenant, Noah builds a sacrificial altar "to atone for the land".[Jub. See also Noah, Bible Patriarch. [10] The treatment of Japheth in verses 26–27 raises questions: Why is YHWH named as the God of Shem, but not of Japheth? Nor is it evident that Blackness is a Curse, for Navigators tell us of Black Nations, who think so much otherwise of their own condition, that they paint the Devil White. ~ Gen 9:18-19 The Anglo-Irish scientist Robert Boyle—a seventeenth-century polymath who was also a theologian and a devout Christian—refuted the idea that blackness was caused by the curse of Ham, in his book Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664). Noah began to be a man of the soil, and he planted a vineyard. (Genesis 9:22–27): It is noteworthy that the curse was made by Noah, not by God. 1:23, 25 (Ps. 70a; Gen. R. xxxvi. See also. The Table of Nations presents Canaan and Mizraim (Egypt) among the sons of Ham (10:6). Descendents of Noah’s son Ham and his grandson Canaan, the non-Israelite inhabitants of the land of Canaan, are introduced to biblical narrative in Genesis shortly after the story of the flood. [36], According to Rashi, citing an earlier Talmudic source,[37] the heathen were never included in the sanction of possessing slaves as the children of Israel were permitted to do, for the Scripture says (Leviticus 25:44): "Of them you shall buy, etc. When the term “younger son” is understood the mystery becomes clear. Nave's Topical Index. History 101: And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan. Genesis 9:18. An example is Dame Juliana Berners (c. 1388), who, in a treatise on hawks, claimed that the "churlish" descendants of Ham had settled in Europe, those of the temperate Shem in Africa, and those of the noble Japheth in Asia (a departure from normal arrangements, which placed Shem in Asia, Japheth in Europe, and Ham in Africa), because she considered Europe to be the "country of churls", Asia of gentility, and Africa of temperance. Ha… Nayl al Rajaa' bisharh' Safinat an'najaa'. [70] While Robinson (2007) claims that such version was non-existent before, historian David Brion Davis argues, as well, that contrary to the claims of many reputable historians, neither the Talmud nor any early post-biblical Jewish writing relates blackness of the skin to a curse whatsoever. Ham had married Egyptus, a descendant of Cain (Abraham 1:21–24), and so his sons were denied the priesthood. Perhaps Canaan may have had a part in the disrespect of Noah. The curse indicated that their descendants would be oppressed and under control of other nations. Genesis 10:1-2. All rights reserved. "[24][25], Genesis 9:26: ...Blessed is יהוה the God of Shem: "Who is destined to keep His promise to [Shem's] offspring to give them the Land of Canaan" and he shall be: "Canaan shall be to them as a servant to pay tribute. According to Rab, Ham castrated Noah on the basis that, since Noah cursed Ham by his fourth son Canaan, Ham must have injured Noah with respect to a fourth son. Mizraim is Hebrew for Egypt. [49], The concepts were introduced into Islam during the Arab expansion of the 7th century, due to cross-pollination of Jewish and Christian parables and theology into Islam, called "Isra'iliyyat". Later, however, Jubilees explains further that Noah had allocated Canaan a land west of the Nile along with his brothers, but that he violated this agreement and instead chose to squat in the land delineated to Shem (and later Abraham), and so rightly deserved the curse of slavery. According to another opinion, Ham defiled his father, and Noah cursed Canaan because Ham, with his father and his two brothers, had been previously blessed by God (Sanh. Ham was Noah’s youngest son, and Canaan was probably Ham’s youngest son (Genesis 10:6). They are referred to as the 'Hamites' However, this only seems odd if one takes “saw his father’s nakedness” literally. Ham was "blessed" in Genesis 9:1 – Noah did not curse him directly, instead cursing his son Canaan.. Shem and … Genesis 10:2 - The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. Another interpretation was that Noah's "youngest son" could not be Ham, who was the middle son: "for this reason they say that this youngest son was in fact Canaan. : "Even after the children of Shem will be exiled slaves will be sold to them from the Children of Canaan." [68] There, Boyle explains that the curse of Ham as an explanation for the complexion of coloured people was but a misinterpretation that was embraced by "vulgar writers", travelers, critics, and also "men of note" of his time. When the editor changed the original sinning son from Canaan to Ham, he was forced to change the sexually compromised father from Ham to Ham’s father, Noah (vv. The Old Testament student manual, which is published by the Church and is the manual currently used to teach the Old Testament in LDS Institutes, teaches that Canaan could not hold the priesthood because of his ancestral lineage but mentions nothing of race or skin color: Therefore, although Ham himself had the right to the priesthood, Canaan, his son, did not. Therefore Noah cursed Canaan, Ham's fourth son, saying, "Thou hast hindered me from having a fourth son; I will curse thy own fourth son." Shem and Japheth, avoiding looking at the naked Noah, covered the nakedness of their father. [3] The narrative of the curse is replete with difficulties:[8] It is uncertain what the precise nature of Ham's offense is. The curse of Ham (actually placed upon Ham's son Canaan) occurs in the Book of Genesis, imposed by the patriarch Noah. In the parts of Africa where Christianity flourished in its early days, while it was still illegal in Rome, this idea never took hold, and its interpretation of scripture was never adopted by the African Coptic Churches. Ham is the youngest of Noah’s three sons along with Japheth and Shem. This seems like quite a severe overreaction. For Southern slave owners who were faced with the abolitionist movement to end slavery, the curse of Ham was one of the only grounds upon which Christian planters could formulate an ideological defense of slavery. Ham was "blessed" in Genesis 9:1 - Noah did not curse him directly.. ), whenever a Canaanite slave is set free from his yoke by losing either a tooth or an eye, or one of twenty-four chief limbs in a man's body that cannot be replaced, where the Torah says of him, “he shall set him free,” according to the exponents of Jewish law, the sense here is that the same emancipated slave becomes a "freeborn" (benei ḥorīn) and is received in the Jewish fold and is permitted to marry a daughter of Israel. Ham was Noah’s youngest son, and Canaan was probably Ham’s youngest son (Genesis 10:6). Indeed, this entire chapter is an ode to God’s command to Noah and his sons to “be fruitful and multiply, and to fill the earth.” They did. The government of Ham was patriarchal and was blessed as to things of the earth and wisdom but not as to the priesthood, Abr. Nave's Topical Index. Noah, the Bible tells us, had three sons, each of whom (after the great flood) would become the founder of a number of nations or peoples. Ham also figured in an immensely influential work Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus (Commentaries on the Works of Various Authors Discussing Antiquity). [33] Moreover, according to the Hebrew Bible (Exo. [42][43], The historian David Whitford writes of a “curse matrix” which was derived from the vagueness of Genesis 9 and interpreted by racialists to mean that it mattered not who was cursed or which specific group of people the curse originated with, all that mattering being that there was a vague reference to a generational curse that could be exploited by those seeking to justify their actions against black people, such as Southern slaveowners. Calling a grandson a “son” is not uncommon in Scripture (cp. [ 24 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ], American/European slavery, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, error... 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